Jumping and pushing through the cruel optimism of racial justice work in schools

Main Article Content

Penny Rabiger
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4027-1828

Abstract

During the Coronavirus pandemic in 2020, the public execution of George Floyd by a white police officer brought global attention to structural racism. In England, this prompted some students and staff to confront racism in their schools. In response, institutions sought structured programmes to address race inequality and avoid complicity in racism. This paper explores the experiences of teachers and school leaders in England participating in the two-year Anti-Racist School Award programme at Leeds Beckett University. The study examines participants’ motivations, knowledge, and lived experiences as they pursue recognition for their schools’ efforts to combat structural racism. Using in-depth interviews, reflections, and a focus group, findings highlight how professional and personal resources vary, particularly within the tense social climate following Floyd’s murder and the rise of racist and xenophobic rhetoric in politics and media. Key themes include participants’ engagement with the Anti-Racist School Award process, perceptions of the current crisis compared to past racial crises, and the tension between viewing racism as a relic of the past versus acknowledging its ongoing presence. The study concludes with three recommendations for sustaining motivation and navigating the challenges of anti-racism work, emphasising the importance of maintaining an anti-racist perspective in educational leadership.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

Section

Special issue | Education, antiracism and decoloniality: tensions, resistances, and possibilities

How to Cite

Rabiger, P. (2025). Jumping and pushing through the cruel optimism of racial justice work in schools. Educação, Sociedade & Culturas, 70. https://doi.org/10.24840/esc.vi70.1125

References

Ahmed, Sara (2012). On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822395324

Anzaldúa, Gloria (Ed.). (1990). Making face, making soul, haciendo caras: Creative and critical perspectives by women of colour. Aunt Lute Books.

Applebaum, Barbara (2013). Vigilance as a response to White complicity. Educational Theory, 63(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12007

Back, Les, & Solomos, John (2000). Theories of race and racism: A reader. Routledge.

Badenhorst, Pauli (2021). Predatory White anti-racism. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, 26, 284–303. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41282-021-00222-8

Bain, Zara (2018). Is there such a thing as ‘White ignorance’ in British education? Ethics and Education, 13(1), 4–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2018.1428716

Bell, Derrick (1992). Faces at the bottom of well: The permanence of racism. BasicBooks.

Braun, Virginia, & Clarke, Victoria (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Campbell-Stephens, Rosemary (2021). Educational leadership and the global majority: Decolonising narratives. Palgrave Macmillan.

Crotty, Michael (1998). The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process. SAGE.

Delgado, Richard, & Stefancic, Jean (Eds.). (2000). Critical race theory: The cutting edge (2nd ed.). Temple University Press.

Department for Education. (2014). The Equality Act 2010 and schools: Departmental advice for school leaders, school staff, governing bodies and local authorities. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/315587/Equality_Act_Advice_Final.pdf

Department for Education. (2022, February 17). Political impartiality in schools. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/political-impartiality-in-schools

Eng, David, & Kazanjian, David (2003). Loss: The politics of mourning. University of California Press.

Finney, Nissa, Nazroo, James, Bécares, Laia, Kapadia, Dharmi, & Shlomo, Natalie (Eds.). (2023). Racism and ethnic inequality in a time of crisis. Policy Press.

Freire, Paulo (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Herder & Herder.

Gaine, Chris (1987). No problem here: A practical approach to education and ‘race’ in White schools. Hutchinson Radius.

Gillborn, David, Rollock, Nicola, Warmington, Paul, & Demack, Sean (2016). Race, racism and education: Inequality, resilience and reform in policy & practice (Final report to funders). http://soc-for-ed-studies.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/GillbornD-et-al_Race-Racism-and-Education.pdf

Glaser, Barney, & Strauss, Anselm (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine Transaction.

Hakak, Netta (2025). Silencing dissent: Government measures and moral panic in the aftermath of the Black Lives Matter resurgence. Equity in Education & Society, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/27526461251320115

Haraway, Donna (2016). Staying with the trouble: Making kin in the Chthulucene. Duke University Press.

hooks, bell (1995). Killing rage, ending racism. Henry Holt.

hooks, bell (2010). Teaching critical thinking: Practical wisdom. Routledge.

Joseph-Salisbury, Remi, & Connelly, Laura (2021). Anti-racist scholar-activism. Manchester University Press.

Kohli, Rita (2019). Lessons for teacher education: The role of critical professional development in teacher of color retention. Journal of Teacher Education, 70(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487118767645

Kwan, Daniel, & Scheinert, Daniel (2022). Everything everywhere all at once [Film]. IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6710474

Ladson-Billings, Gloria (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what’s it doing in a nice field like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/095183998236863

Lander, Vini (2014). Initial teacher education: The practice of Whiteness. In Richard Race & Vini Lander (Eds.), Advancing race, ethnicity and education. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137274762_7

Lawson, Anthea (2021). The entangled activist: Learning to recognise the master’s tools. Perspectiva.

Lentin, Alana (2018). Beyond denial: ‘Not racism’ as racist violence. Continuum, 32(4), 400–414, https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2018.1480309

Lopez, Ann E., & Jean-Marie, Gaëtane (2021). Challenging anti-Black racism in everyday teaching, learning and leading: From theory to practice. Journal of School Leadership, 31(1–2), 50–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052684621993115

MacManimon, Shannon K., & Casey, Zachary A. (2018). (Re)beginning and becoming: Anti-racism and professional development with White practicing teachers. Teaching Education, 29(4), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2018.1506429

Meer, Nasar (2022). The cruel optimism of racial justice. Policy Press.

Miller, Paul (2018). The nature of school leadership: Global practice perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan.

Miller, Paul (2019). ‘Tackling’ race inequality in school leadership: Positive actions in BAME teacher progression: Evidence from three English schools. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(6), 986–1006. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143219873098

Miller, Paul (2020). Anti-racist school leadership: Making ‘race’ count in leadership preparation and development. Professional Development in Education, 47(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2020.1787207

Miller, Paul (2023). School leaders leading anti-racism and inclusion: Evidence from schools in England. Equity in Education and Society, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/27526461231175168

Mockler, Nicole (2013). Teacher professional learning in a neoliberal age: Audit, professionalism and identity. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 38(10). https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2013v38n10.8

Omi, Michael, & Winant, Howard (2014). Racial formation in the United States (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203076804

Ouseley, Herman (1992). Anti-racism in education: The search for policy in practice. In Dawn Gill, Barbara Mayor, & Maud Blair (Eds.), Resisting institutional change in racism and education: Structures and strategies (pp. 169–182). SAGE.

Picower, Bree (2009). The unexamined Whiteness of teaching: How White teachers maintain and enact dominant racial ideologies. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 12(2), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613320902995475

Puwar, Nirmal (2004). Space invaders: Race, gender and bodies out of place. Berg.

Rowling, Joanne K. (2015, August 10). Hogwarts portraits. Harry Potter. https://www.harrypotter.com/writing-by-jk-rowling/hogwarts-portraits

Scanlan, Martin (2010). Slogging and stumbling toward social justice in a private elementary school: The complicated case of St. Malachy. Education and Urban Society, 42(5), 572–598. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124510366224

Shafi, Azfar, & Nagdee, Ilyas (2022). Race to the bottom: Reclaiming anti-racism. Pluto Press.

Smith, Heather, & Lander, Vini (2022). Finding ‘pockets of possibility’ for anti-racism in a curriculum for student teachers: From absence to action. The Curriculum Journal, 34(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/curj.177

Solomon, R. Patrick (2002). School leaders and anti-racism: Overcoming pedagogical and political obstacles. Journal of School Leadership, 12(2), 174–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268460201200205

Stewart-Hall, Claire, Rabiger, Penny, Lander, Vini, & Grant, Viv (2022). Resisting Whiteness: Anti-racist leadership and professional learning in majority White senior leadership teams in English schools. The Curriculum Journal, 34(1), 138–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/curj.196

Tikly, Leon (2022). Racism and the future of anti-racism in education: A critical analysis of the Sewell Report. BERJ, 48, 469–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3776

Tomlinson, Sally (2008). Race and education: Policy and politics in Britain. OUP.

Troyna, Barry, & Carrington, Bruce (1990). Education, racism and reform. Routledge.

Walker, Sharon, Bennett, Ian, Kettory, Pavenjit, Pike, Clare, & Walker, Lee (2022). ‘Deep understanding’ for anti-racist school transformation: School leaders’ professional development in the context of Black Lives Matter. The Curriculum Journal, 34(1), 156–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/curj.189

Warmington, Paul (2024). Permanent racism. Bristol University Press.

Wilson-Gilmore, Ruth (2007). Golden gulag: Prisons, surplus, crisis and opposition in globalizing California. UCP.

Winant, Howard (2001). The world is a ghetto: Race and democracy since World War II. Basic Books.

Worth, Jack, McLean, Dawson, & Sharp, Caroline (2022). Racial equality in the teacher workforce. National Foundation for Education Research (NfER). https://www.nfer.ac.uk/publications/racial-equality-in-the-teacher-workforce/

Yancy, George (2017). Black bodies, White gazes: The continuing significance of race in America (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.

Yosso, Tara J. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race, Ethnicity & Education, 8(1), 69–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/1361332052000341006