Pode a educação atenuar o crescimento do populismo e da extrema-direita? O papel da escolaridade e das experiências educacionais na construção da democracia
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Resumo
Os atuais sistemas democráticos enfrentam uma série de desafios – populismo, polarização e desdemocratização – que ameaçam o seu funcionamento e vitalidade. Estes perigos acentuam a necessidade de se pensar na importância da educação, nomeadamente dos contextos de educação formal, para atenuar a proliferação de posicionamentos antidemocráticos, populistas e excludentes. Os dados de um inquérito por questionário respondido por 1047 jovens-adultos/as (18-30 anos) mostram que o grau de escolaridade e a vivência de um clima educacional democrático têm um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento de atitudes mais democráticas, inclusivas e plurais. Concretamente, essas duas variáveis educacionais têm um papel ideológico significativo: menores níveis de escolaridade estão associados a posicionamentos ideológicos mais à direita e os/as jovens-adultos/as de extrema-direita reportam vivências universitárias menos democráticas. Adicionalmente, os resultados mostram que a relação entre o apoio à democracia e uma maior confiança nas instituições políticas é mediada por experiências universitárias mais democráticas. Do mesmo modo, este tipo de experiências atenuam o papel das atitudes populistas na desconfiança institucional. Com efeito, é imprescindível discutir o papel democrático e político das escolas e das universidades a partir da sua dimensão contextual e processual.
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